Vitalik Buterin published an article titled “Exploring circle STARKs”

Vitalik Buterin posted an article titled "Exploring circle STARKs". The article states that the most important trend in STARK protocol design over the past two years has been a shift towards operating on a small scale, which has led to a significant increase in proof speed. Currently, Starkware can prove 620,000 Poseidon2 hash values per second on an M3 laptop, which means that if we are willing to trust Poseidon2 as a hash function, the most difficult part of creating an efficient ZK-EVM has been effectively solved.Vitalik believes that by combining binary field technologies such as Mersenne31, BabyBear, and Binius, we do feel that we are approaching the limit of efficiency at the "base layer" of STARK. At this point, I expect the forefront of STARK optimization to shift towards the most effective arithmetic operations on primitives such as hash functions and signatures (and optimize these primitives themselves for this purpose), recursive construction for more parallelism, arithmetic operations on VMs to improve developer experience, and other higher-level tasks.